Porosity is a characteristic of a material that allows the free passage of air or liquids through it. This property is determined by the presence of pores or voids within the material’s structure. Porosity is an essential factor in various applications, including filtration, soil and rock permeability, and material design for industries such as construction, manufacturing, and environmental engineering. The degree of porosity affects how well a material can absorb and transmit fluids, impacting its functionality and suitability for specific purposes.